EnglishVocabulary.ir 
the process of adjusting or conforming to new conditions
a large-scale farming enterprise
physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)
a pseudoscientific forerunner of chemistry in medieval times
German arms manufacturer and son of Friedrich Krupp
a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea with a population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s
a large mountain system in south-central Europe
a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings
a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey
American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)
a social scientist specializing in the study of humanity
a social policy of racial segregation
an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq
the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies
a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)
of or relating to the African people who speak one of the Bantoid languages or to their culture
easternmost of the West Indies about 300 miles to the north of Venezuela
a country on western coast of Africa
capital of Germany located in eastern Germany
42nd President of the United States (1946-)
the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year
the social class between the lower and upper classes
elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)
an economic system based on private ownership of assets
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa
an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India
anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862-1948)
the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912
refusal to obey a law because it is believed to be immoral
a nonmilitary citizen
a society in an advanced state of social development
the entire class of religious officials in Christianity
a company that hires only union members
king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis’ (466-511)
the state of sticking together
the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism
the act of settling a group of people in a new place
the act of commercializing something
a political party that actively advocates a communist form of government; in Communist countries it is the sole political party of the state
the legislature of the United States government
belief in preserving tradition and opposing radical change
the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation
a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers
a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana)
the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean
a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856
a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaos
a country on western coast of Africa
king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)
king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)
the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year
a member of the older of two major U.S. political parties
a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; opposed the old Federalist party; favored a strict interpretation of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the federal government
a sunken or lowered geological formation
incorporation of a formerly excluded group into a community
unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice
the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise
a difference of opinion
diplomacy influenced by economic considerations
United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)
United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)
an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858 after the Indian Mutiny
a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia
the system of production and distribution and consumption
Queen of England from 1558 to 1603
moving from one place in order to settle in another
a long narrative poem telling of a hero’s deeds
any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people
the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin
a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment
Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population
sequence of events involved in the development of a species
a journey by a group to escape from a hostile environment
fair treatment
a political theory advocating an authoritarian government
the practice (usually by a labor union) of requiring an employer to hire more workers than are required
government divided between central and regional powers
a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; founded by Alexander Hamilton; favored a strong centralized government
a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women
the movement aimed at equal rights for women
a man of rank in the ancient regime
the social system in which vassals were protected by lords
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945
the act of funding
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing freedoms
the wife of a chief executive
all the plant life in a particular region or period
a defensive structure
English statesman and philosopher
a war in North America between France and Britain
the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness
a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea
the revolution against James II
ancient Greece
the largest island in the world
an island in the West Indies
a series of ordered groupings within a system
the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome; characterized by technical mastery and heroic composition and humanistic content
large outdoor signboard
a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945
extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain
the only surviving hominid
a state of deep-seated ill-will
the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings
an ancient geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia
any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth’s surface
a formal document charging a public official with misconduct
a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries
bring in from abroad
the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia
the development of commercial enterprise
the death rate during the first year of life
the act of expressing something in an artistic performance
the act of interposing one thing between or among others
a republic in the Middle East in western Asia
city in central Iran; former capital of Persia
a policy of nonparticipation in international relations
the early period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance
15th President of the United States (1791-1868)
4th President of the United States
genre of American music that developed in the 20th century
a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC – AD 29)
United States jurist
Mexican painter noted for his monumental murals (1883-1949)
United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)
founder of modern communism
the effects of a person’s actions that determine his destiny
group of people related by blood or marriage
the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola
a war between North and South Korea
a secret society of white Southerners in the United States
the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen
the source of trained people from which workers can be hired
an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer
a person who is loyal to their allegiance
puffins
putting a person to death by mob action without due process
landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula
Inca fortress city in the Andes in Peru discovered in 1911
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
militant civil rights leader (1925-1965)
a member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria; related to the Tungus; conquered China in the 17th century
a document giving an official instruction or command
Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)
the condition of being married or unmarried
a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall
a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies
unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty
a very large urban complex
the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance
a unit that is part of some military service
autocracy governed by a ruler who usually inherits authority
the residence of a religious community
asceticism as a form of religious life
the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year
a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret
large-footed short-winged birds of Australasia
a painting that is applied to a wall surface
a commercial bank chartered by the federal government
the policy of perpetuating native cultures
a German member of Adolf Hitler’s political party
nonparticipation in a dispute or war
an island in the north Atlantic
an African river; flows into the South Atlantic
the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation
a privileged class holding hereditary titles
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
a city of southeastern Mexico
glass formed by the cooling of lava without crystallization
a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union
employees who are represented by a labor union
the government of the Roman Catholic Church
any disease-producing agent
the class of peasants
a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil
an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world
a way of regarding situations or topics
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)
someone who makes charitable donations
the rational investigation of existence and knowledge
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
a republic in central Europe
the islands in the eastern part of Oceania
political doctrine that supports the rights of common people
a former political party in the United States
a port in the United States where customs officials are stationed to oversee the entry and exit of people and merchandise
a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula
intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business
movable property (as distinguished from real estate)
a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
a belief or sentiment shared by most people
the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans
king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments
restricting the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity
a second or new birth
French philosopher and mathematician
a member of the younger of two major U.S. political parties
the younger of two major political parties in the United States; GOP is an acronym for grand old party
the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy
a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization
the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince
a person who has died and has been canonized
city in southern Uzbekistan
an absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy
method of observation to test scientific hypotheses
a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed
formal separation from an alliance or federation
the act of keeping apart
an industry that provides services rather than tangible objects
the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors
a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula
the Italian region on the island of Sicily
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis
position in a social hierarchy
a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism
a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
a man who attends or escorts a woman
a city in the European part of Russia
a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group
English statesman; member of the Conservative Party
the rights conceded to the states by the United States constitution
the condition or someone or something at a particular time
a conventional or formulaic conception or image
forming or depositing in layers
the mining of ore or coal from an open mine
a distinctive social group within a national society
a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea
Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)
(often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance
the trait of avoiding excesses
the use of violence against civilians for ideological goals
someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
the difference in value over a period of time of a country’s imports and exports of merchandise
an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer
a philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual
the act of changing in form or shape or appearance
a type of armed combat in which the opposing troops fight from trenches that face each other
a historical region of central Asia that was a center for trade between the East and the West
a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions
the social process whereby cities grow
one of the British colonies that formed the United States
a crime committed in wartime; violation of rules of war
weapons considered collectively
something that aids or promotes well-being
the modern culture of western Europe and North America
a former political party in the United States
a large inlet of the Barents Sea in the northwestern part of European Russia
a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world
a war in which the major nations of the world are involved
an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa
